Paper VI

Introduction and application of genetic engineering

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Introduction and application of genetic engineering Genetic engineering Genetic engineering, the artificial manipulation, modification, and recombination of DNA or other nucleic acid molecules in order to modify an organism or population of organisms. The term genetic engineering initially referred to various techniques used for the modification or manipulation of organisms through the processes of heredity … Read more Introduction and application of genetic engineering

Reproductive systems

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Reproductive systems The reproductive system in both males and females consists of structures that produce reproductive cells, or gametes, and secrete sex hormones. A gamete is a haploid cell that combines with another haploid gamete during fertilization. Sex hormones are chemical messengers that control sexual development and reproduction. The male reproductive system consists of structures … Read more Reproductive systems

Digestive System

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Digestive System Introduction The respiratory and circulatory systems work together to provide cells with the oxygen they need for cellular respiration. Cells also need glucose for cellular respiration. Glucose is a simple sugar that comes from the food we eat. To get glucose from food, digestion must occur. This process is carried out by the … Read more Digestive System

Introduction to solar appliances viz Solar cell, solar cooker, water heater etc.

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Sunlight is Earth’s most abundant energy source and is delivered free of charge. Indeed, the energy from sunlight reaching the land surface of the earth  is thousands of times greater than the world’s current total annual consumption of energy. Yet harnessing sunlight’s energy content directly—rather than indirectly in fossil fuels, wind, or hydroelectric power—makes only a small contribution to humanity’s energy … Read more Introduction to solar appliances viz Solar cell, solar cooker, water heater etc.

Surface tension

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Surface tension Surface tension, property of a liquid surface displayed by its acting as if it were a stretched elastic membrane. This phenomenon can be observed in the nearly spherical shape of small drops of liquids and of soap bubbles. Because of this property, certain insects can stand on the surface of water. A razor … Read more Surface tension

Food preservatives

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Food preservatives Food preservatives constitute a group of compounds of widely different molecular structures; they are organic and inorganic substances with different functional groups and tendencies to form ions. There are no procedures that are generally applicable to the analysis of preservatives as a class of food additive; the procedures are specific to the preservative … Read more Food preservatives

Introduction to alkaloids (nicotine and cocaine)

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Introduction to alkaloids (nicotine and cocaine) Alkaloids, any of a class of naturally occurring organic nitrogen-containing bases. Alkaloids have diverse and important physiological effects on humans and other animals. Well-known alkaloids include morphine, strychnine, quinine, ephedrine, and nicotine. Alkaloids are found primarily in plants and are especially common in certain families of flowering plants. More … Read more Introduction to alkaloids (nicotine and cocaine)

Preliminary idea of medicine and its classification

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Preliminary idea of medicine and its classification Medicine is the field of health and healing. It includes nurses, doctors, and various specialists. It covers diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of disease, medical research, and many other aspects of health. Medicine aims to promote and maintain health and wellbeing.  Conventional modern medicine is sometimes called allopathic medicine. … Read more Preliminary idea of medicine and its classification

Steroids and Cholesterol

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Steroids Steroids are naturally made by our bodies in small amounts. They help to control many functions. But steroids can also be made artificially and used as drugs to treat different diseases, including cancer.  Steroids used to treat cancer are usually a type called corticosteroids. These are man made versions of the hormones produced by … Read more Steroids and Cholesterol

Domestic power supply and safety for handling electricity

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Power distribution Primary distribution lines contain a distribution transformer present in the locality of the clientele. Primary distribution ranges from 4 to 35-kilo Voltage. Only industries can directly feed the transmission line. Most average consumers are connected to a transformer that brings down the voltage to a useable level. The distribution network for the primary … Read more Domestic power supply and safety for handling electricity