CHAIN RULE - Uttarakhand PCS Exam Notes

This module will teach you the basics of direct and indirect proportions. These concepts will further help you in time and work questions.

Important Formulas – chain rule

Direct Proportion
Two quantities are said to be directly proportional, if on the increase or decrease of the one, the other increases or decreases the same extent.
Examples
1. Cost of the goods is directly proportional to the number of goods. (More goods, More cost)
2. Amount of work done is directly proportional to the number of persons who did the work. (More persons, More Work)

Indirect Proportion (inverse proportion)
Two quantities are said to be indirectly proportional (inversely proportional) if on the increase of the one, the other decreases to the same extent and vice-versa.

Examples

1. Number of days needed to complete a work is indirectly proportional (inversely proportional) with the number of persons who does the work (More Persons, Less Days needed)
2. The time taken to travel a distance is indirectly proportional (inversely proportional) with the speed in which one is travelling (More Speed, Less Time)

Solved Examples

Level 1

1. If the cost of x metres of wire is d rupees, then what is the cost of y metres of wire at the same rate?
A. Rs. (xd/y)	B. Rs. x/d
C. Rs. (yd/x)	D. Rs. y/d

Answer : Option C

Explanation :

cost of x metres of wire = Rs. d

cost of 1 metre of wire = Rs.(d/x)

cost of y metre of wire = Rs.(y×d/x)=Rs. (yd/x)

2. In a camp, there is a meal for 120 men or 200 children. If 150 children have taken the meal, how many men will be catered to with remaining meal?
A. 50	B. 30
C. 40	D. 10

Answer : Option B

Explanation :

Meal for 200 children = Meal for 120 men

Meal for 1 child = Meal for 120/200 men

Meal for 150 children = Meal for (120×150)/200 men=Meal for 90 men

Total mean available = Meal for 120 men

Renaming meal = Meal for 120 men – Meal for 90 men = Meal for 30 men

3. 36 men can complete a piece of work in 18 days. In how many days will 27 men complete the same work?
A. 26	B. 22
C. 12	D. 24

Answer : Option D

Explanation :
Let the required number of days be x

More men, less days (indirect proportion)

Hence we can write as

Men36:27}::x:18 ⇒36×18=27×x ⇒12×18=9×x

⇒12×2=x

⇒x=24

4. A wheel that has 6 cogs is meshed with a larger wheel of 14 cogs. If the smaller wheel has made 21 revolutions, what will be the number of revolutions made by the larger wheel?
A. 15	B. 12
C. 21	D. 9

Answer : Option D

Explanation :

Let the number of revolutions made by the larger wheel be x

More cogs, less revolutions (Indirect proportion)

Hence we can write as

Cogs 6:14}: x: 21⇒6×21=14×x ⇒6×3=2×x ⇒3×3=x ⇒x=9

5. 3 pumps, working 8 hours a day, can empty a tank in 2 days. How many hours a day should 4 pumps work in order to empty the tank in 1 day?
A. 10	B. 12
C. 8	D. 15

Answer : Option B

Explanation :

Let the required hours needed be x

More pumps, less hours (Indirect proportion)
More Days, less hours (Indirect proportion)

Hence we can write as

Pumps 3:4

::x:8

Days 2:1

⇒3×2×8=4×1×x

⇒3×2×2=x

⇒x=12

6. 39 persons can repair a road in 12 days, working 5 hours a day. In how many days will 30 persons, working 6 hours a day, complete the work?
A. 9	B. 12
C. 10	D. 13

Answer : Option D

Explanation :
Let the required number of days be x

More persons, less days (indirect proportion)
More hours, less days (indirect proportion)

Hence we can write as

Persons 39:30

::x:12

Hours 5:6
⇒39×5×12=30×6×x ⇒39×5×2=30×x ⇒39=3×x ⇒x=13

7. A certain industrial loom weaves 0.128 meters of cloth every second. Approximately how many seconds will it take for the loom to weave 25 meters of cloth?
A. 205	B. 200
C. 180	D. 195

Answer : Option D

Explanation :

Let the required number of seconds be x

More cloth, More time, (direct proportion)

Hence we can write as

Cloth 0.128:25} :: 1:x

⇒0.128x=25 ⇒x=25/0.128 ⇒25000/128=3125/16≈195

8. 21 goats eat as much as 15 cows. How many goats each as much as 35 cows?
A. 49	B. 32
C. 36	D. 41

Answer : Option A

Explanation :

15 cows ≡ 21 goats

1 cow ≡21/15 goats

35 cows ≡ (21×35)/15 goats≡(21×7)/3 goats≡7×7 goats ≡ 49 goats

Level 2

1. In a dairy farm, 40 cows eat 40 bags of husk in 40 days. In how many days one cow will eat one bag of husk?
A. 1	B. 40
C. 20	D. 26

Answer : Option B

Explanation :

Assume that in x days, one cow will eat one bag of husk.

More cows, less days (Indirect proportion)
More bags, more days (direct proportion)
Hence we can write as

Cows 40:1 ::x:40

Bags 1:40

⇒40×1×40=1×40×x ⇒x=40

2. If a quarter kg of potato costs 60 paise, how many paise does 200 gm cost?
A. 65 paise	B. 70 paise
C. 52 paise	D. 48 paise

Answer : Option D

Explanation :
Let 200 gm potato costs x paise

Cost of ¼ Kg potato = 60 Paise
=> Cost of 250 gm potato = 60 Paise (∵ 1 Kg = 1000 gm => ¼ Kg = ¹⁰⁰⁰/₄ gm = 250 gm)

More quantity, More Paise (direct proportion)

Hence we can write as

Quantity 200:250} :: x:60

⇒200×60=250×x ⇒4×60=5×x ⇒4×12=x ⇒x=48

3. A contract is to be completed in 56 days if 104 persons work, each working at 8 hours a day. After 30 days, ²/₅ of the work is completed. How many additional persons should be deployed so that the work will be completed in the scheduled time, each person’s now working 9 hours a day.
A. 160	B. 150
C. 24	D. 56

Answer : Option D

Explanation :

Persons worked = 104
Number of hours each person worked per day = 8
Number of days they worked = 30
Work completed = ²/₅

Remaining days = 56 – 30 = 26
Remaining Work to be completed = 1 – ²/₅ = ³/₅
Let the total number of persons who do the remaining work = x
Number of hours each person needs to be work per day = 9

More days, less persons(indirect proportion) More hours, less persons(indirect proportion)
More work, more persons(direct proportion)

Hence we can write as

Days 30:26

Hours 8:9 ::x:104

Work 35:25
⇒30×8×3/5×104=26×9×2/5×x

⇒x=(30×8×3/5×104)/(26×9×2/5)=(30×8×3×104)/(26×9×2)

=(30×8×104)/(26×3×2)=(30×8×4)/(3×2)=5×8×4=160

Number of additional persons required = 160 – 104 = 56

4. x men working x hours per day can do x units of a work in x days. How much work can be completed by y men working y hours per day in y days?
A. x²/y² units	B. y³/x² units
C. x³/y² units	D. y²/x² units

Answer : Option B

Explanation :
Let amount of work completed by y men working y hours per in y days = w units

More men, more work(direct proportion)
More hours, more work(direct proportion)
More days, more work(direct proportion)

Hence we can write as

Men x:y

Hours x:y ::x:w

Days x:y
⇒x³w=y³x ⇒w=y³x/x³=y³/x²

5. A flagstaff 17.5 m high casts a shadow of length 40.25 m. What will be the height of a building, which casts a shadow of length 28.75 m under similar conditions?
A. 12.5 m	B. 10.5 m
C. 14	D. 12

Answer : Option A

Explanation :
Let the required height of the building be x meter

More shadow length, More height (direct proportion)

Hence we can write as

Shadow length 40.25:28.75}:: 17.5:x

⇒40.25×x=28.75×17.5 ⇒x=(28.75×17.5)/40.25=(2875×175)/40250

= (2875×7)/1610=2875/230=575/46=12.5

6. If the price of 357 apples is Rs.1517.25, what will be the approximate price of 49 dozens of such apples?
A. Rs. 2500	B. Rs. 2300
C. Rs. 2200	D. Rs. 1400

Answer : Option A

Explanation :

Let the required price be x

More apples, More price (direct proportion)

Hence we can write as

Apples 357:(49×12)} :: 1517.25:x

⇒357x = (49×12)×1517.25⇒x = (49×12×1517.25)/357=(7×12×1517.25)/51

= (7×4×1517.25)/17

=7×4×89.25≈2500

7. 9 engines consume 24 metric tonnes of coal, when each is working 8 hours day. How much coal is required for 8 engines, each running 13 hours a day, if 3 engines of former type consume as much as 4 engines of latter type?
A. 20 metric tonnes	B. 22 metric tonnes
C. 24 metric tonnes	D. 26 metric tonnes

Answer : Option D

Explanation :

Let required amount of coal be x metric tonnes

More engines, more amount of coal (direct proportion)

If 3 engines of first type consume 1 unit, then 1 engine will consume 1/3 unit which is its the rate of consumption.
If 4 engines of second type consume 1 unit, then 1 engine will consume 1/4 unit which is its the rate of consumption
More rate of consumption, more amount of coal (direct proportion)

More hours, more amount of coal(direct proportion)

Hence we can write as

Engines 9:8

rate of consumption 13:14 ::24:x

hours 8:13
⇒9×1/3×8×x=8×1/4×13×24 ⇒3×8×x=8×6×13 ⇒3xX=6×13⇒x=2×13=26

8. in a camp, food was was sufficient for 2000 people for 54 days. After 15 days, more people came and the food last only for 20 more days. How many people came?
A. 1900	B. 1800
C. 1940	D. 2000

Answer : Option A

Explanation :

Given that food was sufficient for 2000 people for 54 days
Hence, after 15 days, the remaining food was sufficient for 2000 people for 39 days (∵ 54 – 15 =39)
Let x number of people came after 15 days.
Then, total number of people after 15 days = (2000 + x)
Then, the remaining food was sufficient for (2000 + x) people for 20 days

More men, Less days (Indirect Proportion)⇒Men 2000:(2000+x)} :: 20:39

⇒2000×39=(2000+x)20⇒100×39=(2000+x)⇒3900=2000+x⇒x=3900−2000=1900

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