Who was the propagator of ‘Advaitism’?

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Points to Remember:

  • The key concept is “Advaita Vedanta” and its origin.
  • The question requires a factual approach, focusing on historical figures and philosophical lineages.
  • The answer should identify the primary propagator and potentially mention significant contributors.

Introduction:

Advaita Vedanta, meaning “non-dualism,” is a major school of Vedanta philosophy within Hinduism. It emphasizes the oneness of Brahman (ultimate reality) and Atman (individual self), asserting that the apparent multiplicity of the world is an illusion (Maya). Understanding its origins requires exploring the historical development of this influential philosophical system. While pinpointing a single “propagator” is complex due to the gradual evolution of ideas, the lineage clearly points to a central figure.

Body:

The Primary Propagator: Adi Shankara

Adi Shankara (c. 788 – c. 820 CE) is widely considered the primary propagator of Advaita Vedanta. He didn’t invent the core concepts – elements of non-dualism existed in earlier Upanishadic texts and the teachings of thinkers like Gaudapada – but Shankara systematized and popularized them, giving them a coherent and influential philosophical framework. He is credited with:

  • Systematic Exposition: Shankara wrote extensive commentaries on the principal Upanishads (like the Brihadaranyaka and Chandogya Upanishads), the Bhagavad Gita, and Brahma Sutras, clarifying and interpreting the non-dualist perspective. These commentaries became foundational texts for Advaita Vedanta.
  • Establishment of Monastic Order: He established the monastic order of the Smartha tradition, which played a crucial role in disseminating Advaita Vedanta throughout India. This organizational structure ensured the continuity and propagation of his teachings.
  • Debates and Discourses: Shankara engaged in numerous philosophical debates with proponents of other schools of thought, solidifying Advaita’s position and attracting followers. His intellectual prowess and persuasive arguments contributed significantly to its acceptance.

Precursors and Influences:

While Shankara is the central figure, it’s crucial to acknowledge the intellectual lineage leading to him. Key influences include:

  • Upanishads: The Upanishads, the concluding part of the Vedas, contain many passages hinting at the non-dual nature of reality. These served as the foundational scriptures for Shankara’s philosophy.
  • Gaudapada: Gaudapada (c. 5th century CE), a pre-Shankara Advaita thinker, is considered a significant precursor. His Mandukya Karika, a commentary on the Mandukya Upanishad, presents a sophisticated non-dualist perspective that influenced Shankara’s thought.

Later Contributors:

After Shankara, numerous scholars and philosophers contributed to the development and interpretation of Advaita Vedanta. Their contributions enriched and expanded upon Shankara’s foundational work, leading to diverse sub-schools within Advaita itself.

Conclusion:

While Advaita Vedanta’s roots lie in ancient scriptures and the contributions of earlier thinkers like Gaudapada, Adi Shankara is undeniably the primary propagator of the system as we know it today. His systematic exposition, establishment of a monastic order, and vigorous intellectual defense of Advaita firmly established it as a major school of Hindu philosophy. His commentaries remain central to the study of Advaita, and his influence continues to shape spiritual and philosophical discourse in India and beyond. The enduring legacy of Advaita Vedanta underscores the importance of both its foundational texts and the crucial role played by Shankara in shaping and disseminating this profound philosophical tradition, promoting a holistic understanding of reality and the self.

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