Uttarakhand, often referred to as "Devbhoomi" (Land of the Gods), is a picturesque state located in the northern part of India. Carved out of Uttar Pradesh on November 9, 2000, it is renowned for its stunning landscapes, pristine rivers, and rich biodiversity. This article delves into the geographical features of Uttarakhand, exploring its physical terrain, climatic conditions, rivers, flora and fauna, and more.
Location and Boundaries
Uttarakhand is situated in the northern part of India and lies between 2843' to 3127' N latitude and 7734' to 8102' E longitude. It shares borders with:
Himachal Pradesh to the northwest,
Uttar Pradesh to the south,
Tibet (China) to the north, and
Nepal to the east.
The state covers an area of approximately 53,483 square kilometers, accounting for 1.63% of India's total geographical area.
Physiographic Divisions
Uttarakhand can be broadly divided into three major physiographic regions:
1. The Himalayan Region
Characteristics: This region forms the northernmost part of the state and includes the Greater Himalayas (Himadri), which is home to some of the highest peaks in the world, such as Nanda Devi (7,816 m) and Trishul (7,120 m).
Significance: It acts as a natural barrier and is the source of many perennial rivers.
2. The Lesser Himalayas
Characteristics: Located south of the Greater Himalayas, this region is characterized by rugged terrain and densely forested slopes.
Popular Hill Stations: Includes towns like Mussoorie and Nainital, which are famous tourist destinations.
3. The Terai and Bhabar Region
Characteristics: This lowland area lies along the southern boundary and is part of the Indo-Gangetic plain. It is fertile and agriculturally significant.
Climate
The climatic conditions of Uttarakhand vary significantly due to its altitudinal range.
Subtropical Climate: Found in the Terai and Bhabar regions with hot summers and mild winters.
Temperate Climate: Observed in the middle Himalayan ranges.
Alpine Climate: Predominantly in the Greater Himalayas, with cold temperatures and snow-covered landscapes.
The state experiences three main seasons:
Summer: March to June (15C to 30C).
Monsoon: July to September (heavy rainfall, prone to landslides).
Winter: October to February (sub-zero temperatures in high altitudes).
Major Rivers
Uttarakhand is the origin of several major rivers that sustain millions of lives downstream.
1. Ganga River System
Source: Gangotri Glacier.
Key Tributaries: Bhagirathi, Alaknanda, Mandakini.
2. Yamuna River System
Source: Yamunotri Glacier.
Key Tributaries: Tons, Kosi.
3. Other Rivers
Kali (Sharda): Forms part of the border with Nepal.
Ramganga and Gaula: Serve as important water sources for the plains.
Natural Resources and Biodiversity
Uttarakhand boasts an extraordinary wealth of natural resources, including forests, rivers, and minerals.
1. Forests
Forests cover about 71% of the states geographical area.
Common forest types include:
Tropical Sal forests in the Terai.
Subtropical Pine forests in the Lesser Himalayas.
Alpine meadows in the higher reaches.
2. Wildlife
The state is home to iconic species like the snow leopard, tiger, and red panda.
Famous wildlife sanctuaries and parks:
Jim Corbett National Park (first national park in India).
Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve.
Rajaji National Park.
3. Minerals
The state has deposits of limestone, gypsum, magnesite, and other minor minerals.
Major Landforms
1. Glaciers
Glaciers like Gangotri, Pindari, and Milam serve as vital freshwater reserves.
2. Peaks
Key peaks: Nanda Devi, Kedarnath Dome, Kamet, and Panchachuli.
3. Valleys
Famous valleys include:
Valley of Flowers: UNESCO World Heritage Site.
Doon Valley: Located between the Shivaliks and Lesser Himalayas.
4. Lakes
Known as "Tal" in the local language, some prominent lakes are:
Nainital Lake.
Bhimtal Lake.
Roopkund (Mystery Lake).
Population Distribution and Settlements
1. Rural Settlements
Approximately 70% of the population resides in villages scattered across the mountainous regions.
2. Urban Centers
Important cities include:
Dehradun: State capital and educational hub.
Haridwar: Pilgrimage city and entry point to the Char Dham Yatra.
Challenges in Geography
Natural Disasters: Landslides, earthquakes, and flash floods are frequent.
Deforestation: Threatens biodiversity and causes soil erosion.
Climate Change: Accelerating glacier retreat and changing precipitation patterns.