UKPSC 2012 Paper VI

Points to Remember: Temporary hardness is caused by dissolved bicarbonates of calcium and magnesium. It can be removed by boiling, the addition of lime, or ion exchange. Understanding the causes and removal methods is crucial for ensuring safe and efficient water usage. Introduction: Water hardness refers to the presence of dissolved minerals, primarily calcium and … Read more What are the causes of temporary hardness of water? How can it be removed?

Points to Remember: Surface tension Cohesive and adhesive forces Contact angle Meniscus shape Introduction: The shape of the free surface of a liquid in a container, known as the meniscus, is determined by the interplay between cohesive forces (forces of attraction between liquid molecules) and adhesive forces (forces of attraction between liquid molecules and the … Read more Why is the free surface of water concave while that of mercury is convex?

Points to Remember: Chromosomes are classified based on the position of the centromere, the constricted region of the chromosome. The position of the centromere determines the length of the chromosome arms (p and q arms). Different centromere positions result in different chromosome shapes. Introduction: Chromosomes are thread-like structures located inside the nucleus of animal and … Read more Classify Chromosomes on the basis of the position of Centromere.

Points to Remember: Hardware is the physical, tangible components of a computer system. Software is the set of instructions (programs) that tell the hardware what to do. They are interdependent; hardware needs software to function effectively, and software needs hardware to run. Introduction: The terms “hardware” and “software” are fundamental to understanding how computers and … Read more Distinguish between Hardware and Software.

Points to Remember: Sorting arranges data in a specific order (ascending or descending). Filtering selects data based on specified criteria. Both are crucial for data management and analysis. They can be used independently or in combination. Introduction: In computer science, efficient data management is paramount. Two fundamental operations used to manipulate and analyze data are … Read more Distinguish between sorting and filtering of computer data.

Points to Remember: Definition of Database Management System (DBMS) Different views of data within a DBMS (e.g., physical, logical, external) Advantages and disadvantages of different data views Importance of choosing the appropriate data view for specific applications Introduction: A Database Management System (DBMS) is a software application that interacts with users, other applications, and the … Read more Define Database Management System along with different views of data.

Points to Remember: Geostationary and Geosynchronous Orbits Uplink and Downlink Frequencies Transponders and Signal Processing Satellite Coverage Area and Footprint Applications of Satellite Communication Introduction: Satellite communication is a technology that uses artificial satellites orbiting the Earth to relay communication signals between various points on the Earth’s surface. It’s a crucial component of global communication … Read more Give the basic principles of Satellite communications.

Points to Remember: Electron configuration and valence electrons Ionic radii and electron-electron repulsion Ionization energy and electronegativity Introduction: The formation of anions (negatively charged ions) depends primarily on the element’s electronic structure and its ability to accept electrons. Both iodine (I) and fluorine (F) are halogens, belonging to Group 17 of the periodic table, and … Read more Explain why Iodine forms 3I⁻ ion, while Fluorine does not form 3F⁻ ion?

Points to Remember: Nylon-6,6 is a synthetic polymer. It’s a polyamide, meaning its monomers are linked by amide bonds. Two different monomers are required for its synthesis. Introduction: Nylon-6,6 is a widely used synthetic polymer belonging to the polyamide family. Polyamides are characterized by the presence of repeating amide (-CONH-) linkages in their backbone. These … Read more Write the name and structure of monomers used to prepare Nylon-6,6.

Points to Remember: Pressure is defined as force per unit area. The unit of pressure is Pascal (Pa), which is equivalent to N/m². The area of the wooden board needs to be calculated to determine the pressure. Introduction: Pressure is a fundamental concept in physics, defined as the force applied perpendicularly to the surface of … Read more A wooden board of dimensions 2 metres × 0.5 metres is placed on a table. What will be the pressure when a force of 80 Newton is applied on it?